Dan 13 | CPDV | STEP | And there was a man living in Babylon, and his name was Joakim.

Daniel

The history of Susanna and the two elders. ^{▼▼13:0This history of Susanna, in all the ancient Greek and Latin Bibles, was placed in the beginning of the book of Daniel: till St. Jerome, in his translation, detached it from thence; because he did not find it in the Hebrew: which is also the case of the history of Bel and the Dragon. But both the one and the other are received by the Catholic Church: and were from the very beginning a part of the Christian Bible.(Challoner)}

1 And there was a man living in Babylon, and his name was Joakim. 2 And he received a wife named Susanna, the daughter of Hilkiah, who was very beautiful and God-fearing. 3 For her parents, because they were righteous, had educated their daughter according to the law of Moses. 4 But Joakim was very wealthy, and he had an orchard near his house, and the Jews flocked to him, because he was the most honorable of them all. 5 And two elder judges had been appointed among the people that year, about whom the Lord has said, “Iniquity has come out of Babylon, from the elder judges, who seemed to govern the people.” ^{▼▼13:5One of the terms used to describe these two judges is “senes iudices,” elder judges.(Conte)} 6 These frequented the house of Joakim, and all came to them, who had need of judgment. 7 But when the people departed at noontime, Susanna went in and walked around in her husband’s orchard. ^{▼▼13:7Deambulabat means to walk around or to take a walk, it does not merely mean walking.(Conte)} 8 And the elders saw her entering and walking around every day, and they were inflamed with desire towards her. 9 And they perverted their reason and turned away their eyes, so that they would not look to heaven, nor call to mind just judgments. ^{▼▼13:9Sensum can also mean mind or understanding.(Conte)} 10 And so they were both wounded by the love of her, yet they did not reveal their grief to one another. 11 For they were ashamed to reveal to each other their desire, wanting to lie with her. ^{▼▼13:11Here is one way to refer to sexual relations: concumbere, to lie with (someone).(Conte)} 12 And so they watched carefully every day to see her. And one said to the other, 13 “Let us go home, for it is lunch time.” And going out, they departed one from another. 14 And returning again, they came to the same place, and, each asking the other the reason, they admitted their desire. And then they agreed to set a time when they would be able to find her alone. 15 But it happened, while they watched for an opportune day, that she entered at a particular time, just as yesterday and the day before, with only two maids, and she wanted to wash in the orchard, because it was so hot. ^{▼▼13:15The word quippe means “of course” or “naturally” or “as you see.” Literally, the phrase says “it was, of course, very hot.”(Conte)} 16 And there was no one there, except the two elders in hiding, and they were studying her. 17 And so she said to the maids, “Bring me oil and ointments, and shut the doors of the orchard, so that I may wash.” ^{▼▼13:17The word smegmata is obscure, translated as “washing balls” by the Douay-Rheims and, alternately, as “ointments.” It refers to whatever type of soap or other substance the persons of that time and place used to wash themselves.(Conte)} 18 And they did as she ordered them. And they shut the doors of the orchard and left through a back door to fetch what she required, and they did not know that the elders were hiding within.

19 But when the maids had departed, the two elders arose and hurried to her, and they said, 20 “Behold, the doors of the orchard are closed, and no one can see us, and we are in desire for you. Because of these things, consent to us and lie with us. ^{▼▼13:20Here is another way to refer to sexual relations: commiscere, to intermingle or to unite.(Conte)} 21 But if you will not, we will bear witness against you that a young man was with you and, for this reason, you sent your maids away from you.” 22 Susanna sighed and said, “I am closed in on every side. For if I do this thing, it is death to me; yet if I do not do it, I will not escape your hands. 23 But it is better for me to fall unavoidably into your hands, than to sin in the sight of the Lord.” 24 And Susanna cried out with a loud voice, but the elders also cried out against her. 25 And one of them hurried to the door of the orchard and opened it. ^{▼▼13:25So the door was closed, which would not be the case if a young man had just been chased out of it.(Conte)} 26 And so, when the servants of the house heard the outcry in the orchard, they rushed in by the back door to see what was happening. 27 But after the old men had spoken, the servants were greatly ashamed, for there had never been anything of this kind said about Susanna.

And it happened on the next day, 28 when the people came to Joakim her husband, that the two appointed elders also came, full of wicked plans against Susanna, in order to put her to death. ^{▼▼13:28Here the elders are referred to as “presbyteri,” a word which could be translated as elders, but which indicates that these were elders who were appointed to a position of leadership, appointed elders.(Conte)} 29 And they said before the people, “Send for Susanna, daughter of Hilkiah, the wife of Joakim.” And immediately they sent for her. 30 And she arrived with her parents, and sons, and all her relatives. ^{▼▼13:30The word cognatis means relatives, but resembles the word for knowing, and so, it is those who knew her well.(Conte)} 31 Moreover, Susanna was exceedingly delicate and beautiful in appearance. 32 But those wicked ones commanded that her face should be uncovered, (for she was covered,) so that at least they might be satisfied with her beauty. ^{▼▼13:32Now the elders are referred to as iniqui, wicked ones.(Conte)} 33 Therefore, her own and all who knew her wept. 34 Yet the two appointed elders, rising up in the midst of the people, set their hands upon her head. ^{▼▼13:34They not only uncovered her face, they dared to touch her, thus showing their lack of chastity and self-restraint by their actions.(Conte)} 35 And weeping, she gazed up to heaven, for her heart had faith in the Lord. 36 And the appointed elders said, “While we were taking a walk in the orchard alone, this one came in with two maids, and she shut the doors of the orchard, and she sent the maids away from her. 37 And a young man came to her, who was in hiding, and he lay down with her. ^{▼▼13:37Again, sexual relations is referred to with the word concubuit, to lie with someone.(Conte)} 38 Furthermore, since we were in a corner of the orchard, seeing this wickedness, we ran up to them, and we saw them consorting together. ^{▼▼13:38Now the word commisceri, to intermingle is used to refer to sexual relations. Both of these expressions are somewhat euphemistic: to lie together or to intermingle. But both expressions are also fairly blunt and show, in the social and religious context of this story, that the elders are unchaste and unrestrained with their words.(Conte)} 39 And, indeed, we were unable to catch him, because he was stronger than us, and opening the doors, he leaped out. 40 But, since we had apprehended this one, we demanded to know who the young man was, but she was unwilling to tell us. On this matter, we are witnesses.”

41 The multitude believed them, just as if they were elders and the judges of the people, and they condemned her to death. 42 But Susanna cried out with a loud voice and said, “Eternal God, who knows what is hidden, who knows all things before they happen, 43 you know that they have borne false witness against me, and behold, I must die, though I have done none of these things, which these men have maliciously invented against me.” ^{▼▼13:43Susanna shows her chastity and self-restraint by not even repeating explicitly the charge against herself.(Conte)} 44 But the Lord heeded her voice. 45 And when she was led away to death, the Lord raised up the holy spirit of a young boy, whose name was Daniel. 46 And he cried out with a loud voice, “I am clean of the blood of this one.” 47 And all the people, turning back towards him, said, “What is this word that you are saying?” 48 But he, while standing in the midst of them, said, “Are you so foolish, sons of Israel, that without judging and without knowing what the truth is, you have condemned a daughter of Israel? 49 Return to judgment, because they have spoken false witness against her.”

50 Therefore, the people returned with haste, and the old men said to him, “Come and sit down in our midst and show us, since God has given you the honor of old age.” 51 And Daniel said to them, “Separate these at a distance from one another, and I will judge between them.” 52 And so, when they were divided, one from the other, he called one of them, and he said to him, “You deep-rooted ancient evil, now your sins have come out, which you have committed before, ^{▼▼13:52“Inveterate dierum malorum” translates somewhat loosely as “deep-rooted ancient evil.” More literally, dierum means a long time, malorum means evil or harmful, and inveterate means to become old or to become rooted or to become hardened by age.(Conte)} 53 judging unjust judgments, oppressing the innocent, and setting free the guilty, though the Lord declares, ‘The innocent and the just you must not put to death.’ 54 Now then, if you saw her, declare under which tree you saw them conversing together.” He said, “Under an evergreen mastic tree.” ^{▼▼13:54This tree is a short evergreen tree found in the Middle East. Notice that Daniel shows more discretion than the elders in the language he uses to describe sexual relations. He uses the more euphemistic and more discrete term “colloquentes sibi.” The term conversation was used by Flavius Josephus to denote sexual relations. It is an ancient euphemistic expression.(Conte)} 55 But Daniel said, “Truly, you have lied against your own head. For behold, the angel of God, having received the sentence from him, will split you down the middle. 56 And, having put him aside, he commanded the other to approach, and he said to him, “You offspring of Canaan, and not of Judah, beauty has deceived you, and desire has perverted your heart. 57 Thus did you do to the daughters of Israel, and they, out of fear, consorted with you, but a daughter of Judah would not tolerate your iniquity. ^{▼▼13:57Again, Daniel uses a term referring to conversation, loquebantur, to refer to sexual relations. He does the same in the next verse also.(Conte)} 58 Now then, declare to me, under which tree you caught them conversing together.” He said, “Under an evergreen oak tree.” 59 And Daniel said to him, “Truly, you also have lied against your own head. For the angel of the Lord waits, holding a sword, to cut you down the middle and put you to death.” ^{▼▼13:59Note that “interficiat” refers to execution by authority and that “vos” is plural. Daniel is saying that God will execute both of these elders for their false testimony against Susanna.(Conte)}

60 And then the entire assembly cried out in a loud voice, and they blessed God, who saves those who hope in him. 61 And they rose up against the two appointed elders, (for Daniel had convicted them, by their own mouth, of bearing false witness,) and they did to them just as they had wickedly done against their neighbor, 62 so as to act according to the law of Moses. And they put them to death, and innocent blood was saved on that day. 63 But Hilkiah and his wife praised God for their daughter, Susanna, with Joakim, her husband, and all her relatives, because there had been found in her no disgrace.

64 And so Daniel became great in the sight of the people from that day, and thereafter. 65 And king Astyages was laid to rest with his fathers. And Cyrus the Persian received his kingdom.